Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2022-09-14
Abstract： In real life, people occasionally perceive an object as something non-existent, called pareidolia. The elements of face pareidolia have been widely utilized in art, advertising, and design to attract attention and promote consumption. At the same time, previous studies using various paradigms have found differences in producing face pareidolia between patients and typical individuals and the link between pareidolia and visual hallucinations. According to two visual processing pathways, the related paradigms can be divided into pareidolia monitoring paradigm and pareidolia discrimination paradigm. The former focuses on rapid prediction based on extracted face-like features, while the latter focuses on predictive code guiding individuals to extract object features. Both will eventually affect subsequent cognitive judgments. Future studies are suggested to develop new paradigms to explore further the interaction between top-down and bottom-up mechanisms of face pareidolia.
Peer Review Status:
Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2022-03-09
Abstract：
Healthy aging is generally associated with a decline in episodic memory. However, older adults demonstrate notable individual differences in episodic memory. While most older adults show a normal or pathological decline in episodic memory, some indicate successful episodic memory aging. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the neural mechanisms of individual differences in episodic memory aging to demystify the determinants of successful memory aging. To date, four critical theories have been proposed to explain why some older adults exhibit successful memory aging: brain maintenance, neural dedifferentiation, cognitive reserve, and neural compensation. Based on these theories and the SOC model, we speculate that some older adults display successful memory aging because they have higher cognitive reserve shaped by several lifestyle factors throughout their lifespans. Older adults with higher cognitive reserve can optimize the function of the brain regions and networks related to episodic memory and more successfully compensate for age-related neural decline. Ultimately, the benefits of the optimization and compensation processes are reflected in maintaining a higher level of brain function (e.g., the fidelity of neural representation or functional segregation of brain networks). Future research should incorporate more longitudinal studies to investigate the relationship between these theories and their impact factors, which would be beneficial for understanding the neural mechanisms of successful memory aging and providing support for improving brain and cognitive health in older adults.
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Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2021-12-04
Abstract： Operators will inevitably encounter stressful events such as time pressure, high workload, or emergencies in high-risk and even routine factory work. Numerous psychological and post-accident analyses showed that decision-making error under stress is one of the most common causes of industrial accidents. Previous studies have found that individual factors play an essential role in how we feel and react to stress, moderating stress responses and affecting subsequent decision-making. However, as one of these factors that is closely associated with stress and decision-making, ease of excitation (EOE) has rarely been explored. Therefore, we conducted the present study to investigate the influencing mechanism of stress on risk taking and the moderating effect of ease of excitation. We supposed that stress level (indexed by salivary cortisol and heart rate) was correlated with risk-taking behavior, and ease of excitation played a moderating role in this relationship. Individuals with a high level of ease of excitation might be more susceptible to stress responses. Forty-three male participants were recruited in the study. We adopted the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) to induce acute psychological stress and collected participants’ salivary cortisol, heart rate and subjective emotional states during the experiment to evaluate their stress responses. The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) was applied to measure their risk-taking behavior under stress. The mean adjusted number of pumps across trials was taken as the primary behavioral index. We used the Highly Sensitive Person Scale (SPS) to evaluate ease of excitation before the stress task to test the moderating effect on the relationship between stress response and risk-taking behavior. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that salivary cortisol, heart rate, and negative mood increased significantly from baseline after the stress task and gradually returned to baseline, confirming that the stress manipulation was efficient. Correlation analysis showed that cortisol response was positively correlated with the mean adjusted number of pumps, while heart rate was unrelated. Furthermore, hierarchical multiple regression found that ease of excitation moderated the relationship between the salivary cortisol level and the mean adjusted number of pumps. To interpret the significant moderator effect of ease of excitation, we conducted a simple slope test. Analysis observed that when ease of excitation was one standard deviation below the mean value, the salivary cortisol level could not predict the mean adjusted number of pumps. However, when ease of excitation was one standard deviation above the mean value, the salivary cortisol level could significantly predict the number of pumps. The more salivary cortisol increased, the more did participants pumped. However, ease of excitation did not moderate the relationship between the heart rate and the mean adjusted number of pumps. Taken together, the current study demonstrates that increased cortisol level under stress positively associates with risk-taking behavior, and ease of excitation moderates the relationship. For individuals with a high level of ease of excitation, the more cortisol they increase, the riskier they are. It may owe to their hyper-sensitivity to internal and external stimuli. Altogether, the research highlights the importance of individual differences in understanding the mechanism of stress and provides scientific implications for selecting and training operators in high-pressure positions.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2021-01-19
Abstract： Adolescents are more likely to engage in risky or reckless behaviors and are more likely to be influenced by their peers. From the perspectives of personal characteristics and social interaction, the researches show the facilitating effect of peers on adolescents' risk-taking behavior, that is, when peers are present, adolescents' behaviors tend to be more risk. The influence of peers on adolescents' risk-taking behavior and its underlying mechanisms can be explained from multiple aspects such as psychology, neurology, gene, society and culture. On the psychological level, this influence stems from the needs of adolescents to seek peer recognition and belonging, as well as the effect of social learning; on the level of neural mechanism, it comes from the interaction between cognitive control network and stimulus processing system; on the genetic level, it is due to the susceptibility of specific genes; on the social and cultural level, peer influence brings about differences in degrees and performances due to differences in cultural contexts. Future research should further explore the influence of peers on adolescents' risk-taking behavior from the perspectives of development, cultural psychology and construction of complex model network.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-11-02
Abstract： The ability to recognize and decipher social interaction of others from a third-person perspective is critical for our daily life. There are two cognitive characteristics accounting for the processing of social interaction: configural integrity and action contingency. A hierarchical neural basis underpins social interaction processing in which the person perception network, the action observation network and the mentalizing network are concurrently engaged, wherein the posterior superior temporal sulcus plays a crucial role. Future research needs to explore the heredity of social interaction, to elucidate its underlying cognitive and neural mechanism by combining various technological methods, and to focus on its application in real life. " "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Cognitive Psychology submitted time 2020-05-04
Abstract： In exploring the brain mechanism of interval timing, animal research, compared with human subjects, can provide more evidence in pharmacology, molecular biology, single neuron electrophysiology and optogenetics. At present, the commonly used animal research paradigms of interval timing include temporal bisection task, peak-interval procedure and differential reinforcement of low rates. To be well fit for different research need, animal research paradigms are often adjusted. Animal research of interval timing were discussed from two aspects: (1) the introduction and comparison of the commonly used animal research paradigms of interval timing; (2) the research progress of neural mechanism of interval timing based on these paradigms, to provide a reference for further psychological research on time perception. "
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
Subjects: Psychology >> Experimental Psychology submitted time 2019-10-16
Abstract： Stressor presents a risk factor in everyday life by not only triggering stress responses in the body but also influencing cognitive processing. Previous research has shown that the medial frontal cortex and dorsolateral frontal cortex, on which error processing depends, are susceptible to acute stress. However, few studies have explored the effect of stress on error processing. It is still unclear whether individuals with acute stress can effectively detect their own error responses and how acute stress influences the transfer from error monitoring to post-error adjustment. To address these issues, we recruited 52 healthy male participants and randomly assigned them into stress (N = 26) or control (N = 26) groups. The participants were first asked to undergo an acute stress test or control-stress test and soon after that perform an error awareness task. Acute stress was induced by the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) which consists of a public speech task and a mental arithmetic task. The error awareness task was a motor go/no-go response inhibition task, in which the participants marked the responses where they recognized errors. Additionally, information on the participants’ heart rates, subjective emotional states, and perceived stress levels was collected to evaluate their immediate reaction to stress. Finally, we used salivary cortisol levels to explore the delayed reaction to stress during the experiment. The acute stress induction was indexed by the increases in free cortisol levels, heart rates, perceived stress levels, and negative affect in the stress group compared with the control group. Two main findings were obtained in this study. First, the accuracy of error awareness in the stress group was lower than that of the control group, and the negative affect under acute stress was negatively predictive of the accuracy of error awareness in the stress group but not the control group, suggesting that acute stress led to poor error monitoring. Second, the accuracy of the first trials after aware errors was significantly lower than that after unaware errors in the stress group, but there was no change in the control group, showing that post-error performance was impaired following acute stress. Altogether, the present study demonstrated that participants could not effectively identify error responses after acute stress, and their post-error adjustment was impaired even when the error responses were identified. Our results show that stress plays an important role in error processing, which is consistent with the biphasic-reciprocal model that proposes that stress responses enhance the activation of the amygdala but impair neural functioning in the prefrontal cortex. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that acute stress impairs the performance monitoring system, which leads to impaired post-error adaptive behaviors. " " "
Subjects: Psychology >> Developmental Psychology submitted time 2019-08-15
Abstract： Spatial navigation is an essential high-level cognitive function in daily life. However, the involved brain regions such as hippocampus and entorhinal cortex are vulnerable to aging and result in structural atrophy and functional alterations. Using the experimental paradigms like animal experiments, pencil-paper tests, and real-world navigation, early studies explored the behavioral performance of spatial navigation in older adults. By virtue of having similar scenes with realistic environment, compatible with magnetic resonance imaging scanning, and navigator could have interactions with scenes, virtual reality is increasingly applied in the age-related spatial navigation research, revealing the important role of medial temporal cortex such as hippocampus in age-related spatial navigation studies.
Subjects: Psychology >> Applied Psychology submitted time 2019-01-22
Abstract： Players preferences for different types of games are influenced by their own characteristics. The number of players determines that the mode of single player game is more independent, while the mode of online game mode is more collaborative. Given that individualism individuals tend to emphasize independence, collectivism individuals emphasize collaboration. We hypothesized that players’ individualism-collectivism tendency may affect their preference for single player game or online game. This study used Weibo user’s data to explore whether there was a difference in individualism-collectivism words expressions between single player game players and online game players. Then we used these features to predict players single player or online game preferences. The result showed that single player game players expressed more individualism words in Weibo, while online game players expressed more collectivism words. Using machine learning method, individualism-collectivism words expressions could predict players type, but accuracy of the model was low. This study provided preliminary evidence for using Weibo data to identify users preference for games, thus had certain application value.
Peer Review Status:Awaiting Review
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